M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u do cha m\u1eb9 sinh ra, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb7t cho m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00ean v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n mong \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang t\u00ean \u0111\u00f3. M\u1ed7i th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m l\u00fd \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean ri\u00eang, m\u1ed7i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi, \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean kh\u00e1c nhau t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00f9ng mi\u1ec1n n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u M\u1ef9 th\u01b0\u1eddng vi\u1ebft theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 : T\u00ean ch\u00ednh (Lina, Kevin, Carol\u2026) + T\u00ean \u0111\u1ec7m + H\u1ecd (Williams, Thomas, Smith\u2026); khi x\u01b0ng h\u00f4 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi H\u1ecd \u00edt khi g\u1ecdi t\u00ean ch\u00ednh nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh g\u1ed3m: H\u1ecd + T\u00ean \u0111\u1ec7m + T\u00ean ch\u00ednh. H\u1ecd l\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh huy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng (c\u00f9ng chung d\u00f2ng m\u00e1u), cha truy\u1ec1n con n\u1ed1i (h\u1ecd n\u1ed9i, h\u1ecd ngo\u1ea1i), \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, mang t\u00ednh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi, h\u1ecd lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, h\u1ecd \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec h\u1ecd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00ean \u0111\u1ec7m; t\u00ean \u0111\u1ec7m l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1edf, v\u1eeba d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh, v\u1eeba c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, r\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng; t\u00ean ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u00ean ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1edf, phong ph\u00fa h\u01a1n h\u1ecd v\u00e0 t\u00ean \u0111\u1ec7m, n\u00f3 g\u1eafn ch\u1eb7t v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n; t\u00ean ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 t\u00ean \u0111\u1ec7m ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean mang y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef; Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u0169ng c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p t\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 h\u1ecd v\u00e0 t\u00ean ch\u00ednh, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ean \u0111\u1ec7m (nh\u01b0: Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i, Nguy\u1ec5n Du, Kh\u00fac H\u1ea1o, \u0110inh N\u00fap, Tr\u1ea7n Li\u1ec5u, \u0110\u1eb7ng T\u1ea5t\u2026).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd n\u00e0y v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd kh\u00e1c, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh, c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ng\u1eef, ngh\u0129a. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn (tr\u00e1nh qu\u00e1 d\u00e0i, \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 giao ti\u1ebfp), tr\u00e1nh tr\u00f9ng l\u1eafp, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh, c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng hay v\u1ec1 \u00fd v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb9p v\u1ec1 \u00e2m. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
H\u1ecd: Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecd ra \u0111\u1eddi, c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ean ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 t\u00ean \u0111\u1ec7m; n\u0103m 1932, (trong b\u00e0i Lesnoms de famille ou \u201ch\u1ecd\u201d chez les annamites du delta tonkinois) P. Gourou c\u00f3 li\u1ec7t k\u00ea Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 94 h\u1ecd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kinh v\u00e0 109 h\u1ecd c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 203 h\u1ecd; \u0111\u1ebfn 1954 ng\u00e0nh nh\u00e2n danh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd v\u00e0 t\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam, trong \u0111\u00f3, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Nguy\u1ec5n B\u1ea1t T\u1ee5y \u0111\u00e3 li\u1ec7t k\u00ea 308 h\u1ecd v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean \u0111\u1ec7m, t\u00ean ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam (trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft T\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam); ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c h\u1ecd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kinh c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c Trung Qu\u1ed1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 700 h\u1ecd (theo H\u1ecd v\u00e0 t\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u1ee7a PGS,TS L\u00ea Trung Hoa, nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u0103m 2005, trang 33); m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd do ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7t ra (nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd Khi\u1ebfu\u2026); Vua Gia Long sau khi l\u00ean ng\u00f4i, \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c t\u1eeb ng\u1eef nh\u01b0 T\u00f4n Th\u1ea5t, T\u00f4n N\u1eef cho ch\u00e1u trai, g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c, sau n\u00e0y T\u00f4n Th\u1ea5t, T\u00f4n N\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd; Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kh\u01a1-me \u1edf mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y Nam B\u1ed9 l\u1ea5y ch\u1eef \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a t\u00ean l\u00e0ng l\u00e0m h\u1ecd ( nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf l\u00e0ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u00f2a, h\u1ecd K\u1ef3 \u1edf l\u00e0ng K\u1ef3 L\u1ed9, h\u1ecd L\u1ed9c \u1edf l\u00e0ng L\u1ed9c Tr\u00ed, h\u1ecd Tr\u00e0 \u1edf l\u00e0ng Tr\u00e0 Ti\u00ean\u2026); m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ecd, Vua ch\u00faa ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kinh \u0111\u00e3 ban cho (nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u0103m 4 h\u1ecd: \u00d4ng, Ma, Tr\u00e0, Ch\u1ebf; ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kh\u01a1-me: 5 h\u1ecd: Danh, Kim, L\u00e2m, S\u01a1n, Th\u1ea1ch; ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hr \u00ea h\u1ecd \u0110inh; \u2026); t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 c\u00e1c h\u1ecd qua kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t 805 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf Nam B\u1ed9 v\u00e0 1136 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf B\u1eafc B\u1ed9 ( tr\u00edch t\u1eeb t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u H\u1ecd v\u00e0 t\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u1ee7a L\u00ea Trung Hoa, trang 65) cho th\u1ea5y 15 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u danh s\u00e1ch g\u1ed3m: h\u1ecd Nguy\u1ec5n c\u00f3 38,4%, h\u1ecd Tr\u1ea7n c\u00f3 12,1%, h\u1ecd L\u00ea c\u00f3 9,5%, h\u1ecd Ph\u1ea1m c\u00f3 7%, h\u1ecd Ho\u00e0ng, Hu\u1ef3nh c\u00f3 5,1%, h\u1ecd Phan c\u00f3 4,5%, h\u1ecd V\u0169, V\u00f5 c\u00f3 3,9%, h\u1ecd \u0110\u1eb7ng c\u00f3 2,1%, h\u1ecd B\u00f9i c\u00f3 2%, h\u1ecd \u0110\u1ed7 c\u00f3 1,4%, h\u1ecd H\u1ed3 c\u00f3 1,3%, h\u1ecd Ng\u00f4 c\u00f3 1,3%, h\u1ecd D\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 1%, h\u1ecd L\u00fd c\u00f3 0,5%. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1ecd t\u00ean l\u00e0 do b\u1ecb b\u00e1n kho\u00e1n (do kh\u00f3 nu\u00f4i), l\u00e0m con nu\u00f4i m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 h\u1ecd th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y nh\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ecb b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed5i do ph\u1ea1m h\u00fay, ti\u1ebfm quy\u1ec1n (mang h\u1ecd nh\u00e0 Ch\u00faa) hay b\u1ecb ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua ch\u00faa ban h\u1ecd, \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1ecd v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, tr\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi hay \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1ecd v\u00ec ngo\u1ea1i h\u00f4n ho\u1eb7c m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn, v\u00ec \u1edf r\u1ec5, theo phong t\u1ee5c, v\u00ec \u00e1i m\u1ed9 hay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eeba g\u1ea1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
L\u1ecbch s\u1eed d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u0103ng tr\u1ea7m bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng theo th\u1eddi gian qua c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n; \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam theo ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee5 h\u1ec7, \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho con c\u00e1i l\u1ea5y h\u1ecd cha, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00f2n theo ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1eabu h\u1ec7 khi \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho con l\u1ea5y h\u1ecd m\u1eb9 (nh\u01b0 \u00ca \u0110\u00ea, Gia Rai, Ch\u0103m, Mn\u00f4ng\u2026); d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Kinh v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u01a1n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ecd gh\u00e9p (hai h\u1ecd gh\u00e9p l\u1ea1i), nay l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng gh\u00e9p c\u1ea3 h\u1ecd cha v\u00e0 h\u1ecd m\u1eb9 l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh h\u1ecd cho con c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u1eb1m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ghi nh\u1edb d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9; coi tr\u1ecdng \u201c\u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3\u201d c\u1ee7a \u201ct\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m\u201d l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9a con c\u1ee7a h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n gia \u0111\u00ecnh; trong m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng Trung h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 1990-1991 c\u00f3 47\/ 424 h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f3 t\u00ean \u0111\u1ec7m l\u00e0 h\u1ecd m\u1eb9, chi\u1ebfm t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 11% (t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 L\u00ea Trung Hoa, s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u00ean \u0111\u1ec7m hay t\u00ean l\u00f3t xen gi\u1eefa h\u1ecd v\u00e0 t\u00ean ch\u00ednh, t\u00ean \u0111\u1ec7m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ean \u0111\u1ec7m; t\u00ean \u0111\u1ec7m th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng l\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u01a1n nh\u01b0 \u201cTh\u1ecb\u201d cho n\u1eef, \u201cV\u0103n\u201d d\u00f9ng cho nam; \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 t\u1eeb gh\u00e9p, t\u1eeb ph\u1ee9c (nh\u01b0 Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Hi\u1ebfn Minh, L\u00ea Nh\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec7t Th\u1ea3o \u2026); t\u00ean \u0111\u1ec7m th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, l\u00e0m r\u00f5 gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh nam hay n\u1eef, th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef H\u00e1n, Nho nh\u01b0 t\u00ean \u0111\u1ec7m B\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 con d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd tr\u01b0\u1edfng, Gia l\u00e0 con tr\u01b0\u1edfng, M\u1ea1nh, Tr\u1ecdng, Qu\u00fd l\u00e0 d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd th\u1ee9, con th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec, con \u00fat,\u2026t\u00ean \u0111\u1ec7m c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebft m\u00f9a trong n\u0103m nh\u01b0: Xu\u00e2n, Thu\u2026, ch\u1ec9 v\u1eadt qu\u00fd nh\u01b0: C\u1ea9m, Ch\u00e2u, Ng\u1ecdc, Qu\u1ef3nh\u2026, c\u00e1c m\u00e0u, s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u01b0: H\u1ed3ng, B\u00edch, Minh, Thanh\u2026, ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh, v\u1ebd \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u01b0: \u0110\u1ee9c, Tr\u00ed, Trung, Thanh, Di\u1ec5m, M\u1ef9, L\u1ec7\u2026, ch\u1ec9 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng, may m\u1eafn, ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t nh\u01b0: T\u1ea5n, T\u00e0i, Tu\u1ea5n, Cao, Ti\u1ebfn, S\u0129, Qu\u00fd, \u0110\u1eafc, Ch\u00ed, Ph\u00fa, Ph\u00fac, Th\u1ecd, \u2026, ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, to l\u1edbn, l\u00e2u b\u1ec1n nh\u01b0: Qu\u1ed1c, \u0110\u1ea1i, \u0110\u00ecnh, Th\u00e1i, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng, D\u01b0\u01a1ng\u2026nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p l\u1ea5y t\u00ean \u0111\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a cha ho\u1eb7c t\u00ean \u0111\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u00ean \u0111\u1ec7m cho con.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u00ean ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1eebng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u00fd do, xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111a \u00e2m ti\u1ebft. T\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi do cha, m\u1eb9 ch\u1ecdn, \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m, ph\u00e1i t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb, ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh gia \u0111\u00ecnh, d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd, qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a cha m\u1eb9 m\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u1ee5c ng\u1eef c\u00f3 c\u00e2u \u201cCoi m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean\u201d c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u00ean nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u00ednh di\u1ec7n, tri th\u1ee9c, b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt nh\u01b0 V\u00e2n Ti\u00ean, T\u1eed Tr\u1ef1c, Lan Ng\u1ecdc, Anh Pha, Th\u1ecb N\u1edf\u2026l\u1ea5y t\u00ean c\u1ee7a danh nh\u00e2n, ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 nh\u01b0: Qu\u1ed1c To\u1ea3n, Tri Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, Thanh Nga, Thanh Tr\u00e0, L\u1ec7 Th\u1ee7y\u2026ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng \u00e2m \u0111\u1ea7u, c\u00f9ng v\u1ea7n v\u1edbi cha ho\u1eb7c m\u1eb9: cha t\u00ean l\u00e0 Bi\u00ean th\u00ec con l\u00e0 B\u00ecnh, B\u1ed3ng, B\u01b0\u1edfi, B\u1eafc\u2026; m\u1eb9 l\u00e0 H\u00e0 th\u00ec con l\u00e0 Kha, Na, Hoa, cha l\u00e0 L\u00ea Linh Lang th\u00ec con l\u00e0 L\u00ea Luy\u1ebfn L\u01b0u Ly\u2026; c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ch\u1eef H\u00e1n nh\u01b0 cha, m\u1eb9; t\u00ean ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1: S\u0129, N\u00f4ng, C\u00f4ng, Th\u01b0\u01a1ng; h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i v\u0103n ngh\u1ec7 nh\u01b0: Th\u01a1, V\u0103n, Ca, V\u0169; t\u00ean nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u nh\u01b0: Gang, \u0110\u1ed3ng, B\u1ea1c\u2026; d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5, b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m nh\u01b0: Ch\u00e0ng, B\u00e0o, C\u01b0a, C\u1ed9t, K\u00e8o, Rui, M\u00e8; li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi gian, kh\u00f4ng gian nh\u01b0: T\u00ed, S\u1eedu, D\u1ea7n, M\u00e3o, Gi\u00e1p, \u1ea4t, B\u00ednh, \u0110inh, Xu\u00e2n, H\u1ea1, Thu, \u0110\u00f4ng; bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0: T\u1ea3n C\u01b0, H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh, Hi\u1ec7p \u0110\u1ecbnh, Th\u1ed1ng Nh\u1ea5t; kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi nh\u01b0: Tr\u01b0\u1eddng, K\u1ef3, Kh\u00e1ng, Chi\u1ebfn, C\u1ea3i, Ti\u1ebfn, K\u1ef9, Thu\u1eadt; \u0111\u1ecba danh, t\u00ean c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0: Ng\u1ecdc H\u1ed3i, T\u00fa S\u01a1n, Vi\u1ec7t, Nga, Anh, Nh\u1ef1t, M\u1ef9, \u00c2u, \u00c1, \u00dac, Phi\u2026ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef, t\u1eeb ng\u1eef th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecdng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0: C\u00f4ng B\u00ecnh, Thanh Li\u00eam, Trung Ki\u00ean, Nh\u00e2n, Ngh\u0129a, L\u1ec5, Tr\u00ed, T\u00edn, C\u00f4ng, Dung, Ng\u00f4n, H\u1ea1nh, Hi\u1ec1n, Di\u1ec7u, Th\u1ea3o\u2026; s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 nh\u01b0: Ph\u00fa, Qu\u00fd, Vinh, Hoa, C\u00f4ng, Th\u00e0nh, Danh, To\u1ea1i\u2026; th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe nh\u01b0: M\u1ea1nh, Kh\u1ecfe, C\u01b0\u1eddng, Tr\u00e1ng,\u2026c\u0169ng c\u00f3 khi l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 thu\u1ea7n Vi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0: M\u00f4t, Hai, Ba\u2026; H\u00e1n \u2013 Vi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0: Nh\u1ea5t, Nh\u1ecb, Tam\u2026, d\u1ecbch Ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0: \u00d4n, \u0110\u01a1, Troa\u2026; c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 chim \u0111\u1eb9p, h\u00f3t hay nh\u01b0: H\u1ecda Mi, S\u01a1n Ca, Oanh, Ph\u1ee5ng, Y\u1ebfn,\u2026 t\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt nh\u01b0: Long, L\u00e2n, Quy, Ph\u1ee5ng, R\u00f4, M\u00e8, Ch\u00e9p, Tr\u1eafm, \u1ed4i, Xo\u00e0i, M\u1eadn, M\u00edt\u2026; cha m\u1eb9 l\u00e0m ru\u1ed9ng th\u00ec th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho con l\u00e0: C\u00e0y, B\u1eeba, Li\u1ec1m, H\u00e1i\u2026; cha m\u1eb9 l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee3 m\u1ed9c th\u00ec \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho con l\u00e0: D\u00f9i, \u0110\u1ee5c, B\u00e0o, C\u01b0a\u2026; cha m\u1eb9 l\u00e0m th\u1ee3 r\u00e8n th\u00ec \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho con l\u00e0: B\u1ec5, \u0110e, L\u00f2, Than\u2026 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 t\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau, k\u1ebb th\u00f9, l\u1ea5y ti\u1ebfng n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i\u2026.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 do vua \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean cho, t\u00ean tr\u00f9ng v\u1edbi t\u00ean vua, t\u00ean b\u1eadc \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc (ph\u1ea1m h\u00fay), \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean do c\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1, sau c\u01a1n b\u1ec7nh n\u1eb7ng, thi r\u1edbt, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ed1n l\u00ednh, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, g\u1ecdi theo t\u00ean ch\u1ed3ng, theo con \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00f2ng\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u00ean \u0111\u1ec7m ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u00ean ch\u00ednh gi\u00fap l\u00e0m r\u00f5 ph\u00e1i t\u00ednh, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nam hay n\u1eef.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u00ean kh\u00f4ng tr\u00f9ng v\u1edbi b\u1eadc tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ph\u1ea1m h\u00fay, tr\u00e1nh t\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh, vua ch\u00faa, tr\u00e1nh g\u1ee3i nh\u1edb \u0111i\u1ec1u x\u1ea5u, b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0 R\u01a1i, H\u1eadn, Th\u00f9, T\u00f9, Ng\u1ee5c, N\u1ea1n\u2026, b\u1ec7nh hi\u1ec3m ngh\u00e8o nh\u01b0: Ung, C\u00f9i\u2026; qu\u00e1 d\u00e0i, qu\u00e1 k\u1ef3 qu\u1eb7c nh\u01b0 Phan H\u1ebft Gas H\u1ebft S\u1ed1, Mai Ph\u1ea1t S\u00e1u Ng\u00e0n R\u01b0\u1edfi\u2026; t\u00ean t\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u g\u00e2y ng\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u00f9ng, m\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m, x\u1ea5u h\u1ed7, phi\u1ec1n to\u00e1i, b\u1ea5t ti\u1ec7n, kh\u00f3 x\u1eed cho tr\u1ebb l\u00fac tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh khi giao ti\u1ebfp trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 b\u1eadc l\u00e0m cha, l\u00e0m m\u1eb9 ph\u1ea3i ngh\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho con.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ngo\u00e0i h\u1ecd, t\u00ean \u0111\u1ec7m, t\u00ean ch\u00ednh theo gi\u1ea5y khai sinh (g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00ean khai sinh) c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c danh hi\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 t\u00ean h\u00e8m (t\u00ean c\u00fang c\u01a1m), t\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi, t\u00ean t\u1ee5c (th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 t\u00ean x\u1ea5u x\u00ed, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb9p), t\u00ean h\u00fay (d\u00f9ng cho vua ch\u00faa, quan l\u1ea1i, th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh, \u00f4ng b\u00e0, th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o\u2026) do cha, m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1eeb thu\u1edf nh\u1ecf, khi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn theo t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7 c\u0169; t\u00ean t\u1ef1, t\u00ean hi\u1ec7u, bi\u1ec7t hi\u1ec7u, t\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7u, t\u00ean th\u1ee5y c\u1ee7a nho s\u0129; t\u00ean b\u00fat danh, ngh\u1ec7 danh, x\u01b0\u1edbc danh (h\u00e0i danh) c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129; ph\u00e1p danh, ph\u00e1p t\u1ef1, ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7u, \u0111\u1ea1o hi\u1ec7u, t\u00ean th\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a tu s\u0129, t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. C\u00e1c danh hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 t\u00ean ri\u00eang kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (vua ch\u00faa, nho s\u0129, quan l\u1ea1i, l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5, tri th\u1ee9c, v\u0103n ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129, tu s\u0129, d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng\u2026), ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb (phong ki\u1ebfn, th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n, ng\u00e0y nay\u2026) t\u00ednh th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 cao, th\u1ea5p t\u00f9y theo th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, suy ngh\u0129, c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 b\u00ed danh (thay t\u00ean th\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef b\u00ed m\u1eadt), b\u00ed s\u1ed1 (nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 thay cho t\u00ean th\u1eadt), m\u1eadt danh (danh x\u01b0ng b\u00ed m\u1eadt), ng\u1ee5y danh (t\u00ean gi\u1ea3)\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t mang \u0111\u1eadm n\u00e9t v\u0103n h\u00f3a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, phong ph\u00fa, nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u0169ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n.\/.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u do cha m\u1eb9 sinh ra, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb7t cho m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00ean v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n mong \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang t\u00ean \u0111\u00f3. M\u1ed7i th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m l\u00fd \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean ri\u00eang, m\u1ed7i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi, \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean kh\u00e1c nhau t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o n\u1ec1n […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5586","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-van-hoa-dong-ho"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tocdangnonnuoc.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5586","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tocdangnonnuoc.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tocdangnonnuoc.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tocdangnonnuoc.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tocdangnonnuoc.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5586"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.tocdangnonnuoc.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5586\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8412,"href":"https:\/\/www.tocdangnonnuoc.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5586\/revisions\/8412"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tocdangnonnuoc.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5586"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tocdangnonnuoc.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5586"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tocdangnonnuoc.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5586"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}